Key+Concepts+and+Themes

**Key Concepts and Themes:**

 * Specific behaviour changes - effects on students with consideration of the need for 21st Century skills.
 * Teacher involvement and training
 * Admin (ie. principal, technology support, Superintendent/Board’s) influence on schools/teachers from technology integration.
 *  The transformation effect of technology (ie the bigger picture - the bigger impact)
 * Future Concerns

** Specific behaviour changes (effects) for students as demonstrated by the work of James Gulek & Hakan Demirtas (2005), Mike Ribble & Gerald Bailey (2004), Anita McAnear (2007), Damian Bebell (2005), and Michael Russell, Damian Bebell, & Jennifer Higgens (2004), Damian Bell, Laura O'Dwyer, Michael Russell, & Kevon Seeley (2005), with Jorg Wittwer and Martin Senkbeil (2008). **

** Communication ** ** Innovation ** ** Creativity ** ** Problem-Solving ** ** Interactive ** ** Collaboration ** ** Critical Thinking **
 * Created more and higher quality text.
 * Ideas were presented in a more aesthetically pleasing and organized way.
 * Ongoing access to computers used computers more frequently in class and outside class at home.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Students directed their own learning.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Used the laptop at home and did significantly more school work.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Allowed student more independence to learn in a collaborative and cooperative way.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Students were more ready to engage in problem solving and critical thinking.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Exhibited more productivity and improved research skills on the Internet.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Able to present ideas in an aesthetically pleasing way.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Students were able to show deeper and more flexible uses of technology.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">More motivated to stay on task and work on assignments.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Increased standardized test scores.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Exhibited a greater reliance on active learning strategies.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Teaching digital citizenship helps students to protect themselves online.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Discipline problems decrease.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">More engaged in course and school.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Had more peer to peer and student to instructor interaction.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Used the laptop as a peer conferencing.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Used the laptop as a presentation tool.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Able to process ideas more quickly present them in a more organized way.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Used the laptop and spent more time writing, analyzing, and doing research.

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Instructor involvement and training from an overview by Charles Fadel and Cheryl Lemke (2006) and Michael Russell, Damien Bebell, and Jennifer Higgens (2004).**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The school/system needs prior buy-in by Instructors to have them lead the way to integrate technology in the classroom.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Teachers who used laptops spent less time lecturing.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Encouraged to work more on developing material for a class using technology, based on student responses.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Encouraged by higher student engagement.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Student with computers worked more on an individual basis or small groups.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">As instructor access to computers increases, their student access to computers also increases.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Necessary to educate instructors re: digital citizenship to provide modeling and involve students in protecting themselves.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Better individualized instruction with student centred learning and planning for each student's learning based on the student's learning mode.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Able to reach out to more students with different learning styles.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> **Administration involvement as expressed by Femke Geijsel, Meta Kruger, and Peter Sleegers (2010), and** ** Damian Bell, Laura O'Dwyer, Michael Russell, & K. Seeley (2005). **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Integration of technology worked when Principals played a strong lead and assisted in the development of the research. This included M. Russell et al (2004, p. 14)**,** that on the admin side there was “strong principal vision and leadership and due consideration for technology support, development, and curriculum integration”.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The school provided technical support on a school wide basis which backed up the parental support network.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The District and school provided professional development programs for instructors.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">F. Geijsel et al, (2010), described research which helped develop a self evaluation/feedback school improvement system to make school leadership stronger by the use of coaching. They helped principals develop a research approach, become data literate, and set up a culture of inquiry.

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**The transformation effect of technology integration - the bigger impact as indicated by the work of Seymour Papert (2004), Charles Fadel and Cheryl Lemke (2006), Vlad Savov (2012), and Wikipedia (2012), Charles Fadel and Cheryl Lemke (2006), Marc Prensky (2001).**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Fadel and Lemke (2006) discussed research on the creation of a levelled the playing field for special needs students and non-special needs students.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Seymour Papert (2004, p. 2) described how when "there is new knowledge and ways of learning it" institutions decide to embark on legislating standards which are restrictive to the integration of technology. This can be evidenced as recently as January 2012 with the attempted passage of the US Bill C11 - SOPA (Stop Online Piracy Act) and ACTA (Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement)].
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Papert (2004) indicated that people are learning many more things in different ways and a lot of it is occurring outside of the traditional school.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Papert (2004), advised that educational Institutes are acknowledging the concept of technological change but have changed little. Change is beginning to occur from the grass roots and is working on the basis of using a different approach to learning, on a project based approach, utilizing computers to learn while doing.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Charles Fadel and Cheryl Lemke (2006, p. 3) stressed that "extracting the full learning return from a technology investment requires much more than the mere introduction of technology with software and web resources aligned with the curriculum. It requires the triangulation of content, sound principles of learning, and high-quality teaching - all of which must be aligned with assessment and accountability". Technology plays three roles in transforming schools. They include: being a learning tool, a data tool, and an enabling force.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Marc Prensky (2001) described the changes when students are exposed to technology and how they are very different people from those the original school systems were designer to teach.

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Future Concerns presented by Doug Engh and Salima Hudani with the assistance of Charles Fadel and Cheryl Lemke (2006).** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> **Will integrating technology in education** :
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Provide equal access for all students in a school system?
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Help the system and the students cope who are non readers, have fluency problems, and have difficulty with comprehension?
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Lessen the high dropout rates from secondary schools?
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Increase the success of numbers of students who are failing mathematics and algebra courses?
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Provide equal access across systems including financially, gender, race, age, ethnicity, and special needs?
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What effect will the use of Handheld devices with mobile applications including mLearning have on future access to education?
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Will school administration and governing bodies provide for offloading to give instructors time to learn the technology and prepare curriculum incorporating technology?
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Provide the opportunity for students to learn how to learn as there is always something new to learn with the constant change of technology?